4.4 Build Quadratic Models from Verbal Descriptions and from Data

Problem:

A 28 inch wire is to be cut. One piece is to be bent into the shape of a square, whereas the other piece is the bent into the shape of a rectangle whose length is twice the width. Find the width of the rectangle that will minimize the total area.

Solution:

First draw a picture of the shapes the wire will make and label the sides.

The square has equal sides. Label the side as an unknown quantity x.

The perimeter of the square is and the area of the square is x^2 .

The rectangle described as a length that is twice the width. Label the sides as y and 2y.

The perimeter of the rectangle is and the area of the rectangle is 2y^2 .

Since the 28 inch piece of wire will be cut and used to form the square and rectangle the total perimeter of the two shapes is 28 inches.

P=4x+6y=28

The total area is to be minimized.

A=2y^2+x^2

To minimize the area there must be only one variable in the expression. Use the perimeter equation to reduce the number of variables.

Perimeter Equation
Solve for one of the variables. In this example, solve for x by first subtracting 6y from both sides. Simplify.
Continue to solve for x by dividing both sides by 4 and simplifying.

Substitute into the area expression to reduce from having two variables to have one variable.

Area Expression
Substitute for x.	$A=2y^2+(7-{3/2}y)^2$
Simplify by applying the exponent and simplifying.	$A=2y^2+(7-{3/2}y)^2$ $A=2y^2+(7-{3/2}y)(7-{3/2}y)$ $A=2y^2+49-{21/3}y-{21/3}y+{9/4}y^2$ $A=49-{42/2}y+{17/4}y^2$ $A=49-21y+{17/4}y^2$

$A(y)={17/4}y^2-21y+49$ is in the form of a quadratic function. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola. This quadratic function has a leading coefficient of 17/4 and since it is positive means that the parabola is opening up.

Find the vertex to find the minimum value.

The formula for the x coordinate of the vertex
For a quadratic function a is the coefficient of the square term, b is the coefficient of the linear term, and c is the constant	$A(y)={17/4}y^2-21y+49$
Substitute the values of a and b into the formula
Simplify with a calculator

Round to the nearest tenth and y=2.5 .

The total area of the square and rectangle is minimized when the width of the rectangle is 2.5 inches.

Example:

A baseball player swings and hits a pop fly straight up in the air to the catcher. The height of the baseball in meters t seconds after it is hit is given by the quadratic function h(t)=-4.9t^2+17.4t+1 . How long does it take the baseball to reach its maximum height? What is the maximum height obtained by the baseball?

Solution:

h(t)=-4.9t^2+14.7t+1 is defined to be a quadratic function. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola. This quadratic function has a leading coefficient of -4.9 and since it is negative means that the parabola is opening down.

Find the vertex to find the maximum value.

The formula for the x coordinate of the vertex
For a quadratic function a is the coefficient of the square term, b is the coefficient of the linear term, and c is the constant
Substitute the values of a and b into the formula
Simplify with a calculator